Tuesday, October 27th, 2009
Remember that corporate bonds can be replicated by the combination of a riskless bond and a short put on the assets of the company. Since lower rated bonds generally are closer to at-the-money than higher rated bonds, it can be expected that the increase of equity-market volatility leads to a widening of the spread differential between issues of different rating classes. This is due to the fact that the sensitivity of the bonds to changes in volatility is different. Options that trade close to at-the-money levels react more strongly given a change in volatility compared with options, which trade far out-of-the-money. The above-described relationships can be witnessed particularly well during crash scenarios in equity markets. In 1990/91, the rise in equity volatility, which was initiated by numerous profit warnings by companies, was a leading indicator of credit spreads.
The subsequent rise in implied equity-market volatility led to a steepening of the yield differential between high and lower rated credits. Baa and Aa rating classes are chosen to illustrate this relationship because for these rating classes the bond universe offers sufficient breadth and liquidity.
Tags: bonds, business, business tips, credit, credit cards, economy, finances, making money, money management, payday loans
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Saturday, October 24th, 2009
Credit spreads historically have been negatively correlated with 3-year rolling equity-market returns, as we would have expected from the Merton model. Indeed, there seems to be a longer term debt–equity cycle. But the chart also reveals a significant decoupling of equity and credit during the 1990s. Since equity-market performance alone is only temporarily able to explain variations of credit spreads, we will now analyze the impact of equity volatility on spreads. However, most of the time equity prices and implied volatility tell the same story. When stock prices are falling, demand for protection increases, and thus volatility, which is simply the price of protection, rises. The result is a strong negative correlation between equity prices and option-implied volatility. Yet the times, when both markets tell different stories, are the most interesting.
Tags: market cycles, money, Partnership, payment, price, Private Annuities, property, purchase real estate, shares, tax
Posted in finances, financial principles, financial risks, funds, global market, innovative marketing, loans | Comments Off
Monday, August 3rd, 2009
The best business plans tend to look like a truck ran them over. They are well-thumbed, heavily annotated, and popping their staples or bursting their bindings. That means they’re being used. The worst plans are clean, pristine documents that went straight from the printer into the file cabinet. That means they’re not being used. That may mean that nobody needs them, which might suggest that the company is continuing to follow the same old routes to get to the same destinations. Or it might mean the business plan isn’t worth the paper it’s printed on for those who should be following it. Either way, the company may be in serious trouble.
Tags: business plans, documents, marketing schedule, methodology, sales
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Monday, August 3rd, 2009
A business plan helps you achieve your goals. It also helps discipline the way you think about what you’re doing. But business plans have another important purpose.
Companies need business plans to apply for loans, grants, or other forms of funding to start or expand the business. Lenders and financial managers like to see something in writing that shows a firm is committed to its objectives and knows how it’s going to accomplish those objectives. Without a plan, serious outside funding—or any funding, for that matter— might not be available. After all, if you were in the business of investing money, how would you select the companies that would be the best risks?
But that means you need to write your business plan in different ways for different financial participants:
Plans used to attract equity investors—financial partners who will prosper as the business prospers—must be written to show how investors will gain from the company’s success. Investors expect a high rate of return, so they will be looking at growth and profit projections. Plans that project a successful profile are what equity investors are seeking.
Plans designed to appeal to lenders must demonstrate methodologies for repaying loans. At the risk of being simplistic, lenders have little financial stake in the success or failure of the company. They’re interested in how the company plans to repay the principle and its interest. And lenders are more likely than equity investors to be
concerned about cash flow. Your business plan should provide a timetable with repayment amounts the lenders believe your company will be able to make.
Tags: benchmark, business plans, marketing schedule, methodology, sales
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Monday, August 3rd, 2009
A wiling plan is a perpetual motion engine for your business vehicle. Once you finish the first year in your plan, you add another year to the end of the plan, so the company always is looking five years ahead. Not only does this ensure greater continuity of vision, but it also spares managers the enormous task of creating subsequent five-year plans.
Defining a sound strategy is vital preparation for success. But even the best strategy will fail without a good business plan to put it to work. The strategy is the idea behind the business, but the business plan is the first of many tools by which that idea will turn into actions.
The business plan is the where, when, how, and why of what a company must do to implement its strategy. It’s just that simple—and that difficult.
Tags: benchmark, business plans, economy, sales
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Sunday, August 2nd, 2009
Except in the movies, nobody has ever made the leap from start-up to success in one jump. The company needs a well-thought out plan built on steps, strategies, and benchmarks to reach its financial goal.
If your financial goal, for example, is a profit of $12 million, you might decide on the following steps:
Tags: benchmark, CEO, company, economy
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